Generalized Flory-Huggins Model
The classical thermodynamics of polymer solutions was developed by Paul Flory1 and Maurice Huggins2.It is widely used to predict phase-separation phenomena in binary and ternary polymer solutions and mixtures. Its popularity results from its computational simplicity. But this theory has also some shortcomings; in the original version of the FH theory, the interaction parameter is assumed to be independent of the mixture composition. However, this assumptions is not valid for most mixtures. Much research has been done to improve the original FH theory, for example by including corrections for the concentration and temperature dependence of the FH interaction paramater. Some of these theories will be discussed below.
To improve the predictions, the FH interaction parameter must be replaced by a temperature and composition-dependent interaction parameter. The parameter is
often written as the sum of two parts: one part describes the enthalpic effect, due
to the energy change upon mixing, and the other part describes the entropic effect due to
noncombinatorial entropy:
χ = χH + χS
A number of expressions have been suggested by various researchers to adequately describe the temperature and concentration dependence. Often, the composition dependence of the FH interaction parameter is described with a polynomial function of the mixture composition,
χ = χ0(T) + χ1(T) φp + χ2(T) φp2
where each coefficient of the polynomial, χi, is assumed to be a function of temperature, which, in its general form, can consist of inverse, linear, and logarithmic terms of temperature. According to the original FH lattice theory, the coefficients are only a function of the inverse temperature, but this is an oversimplification, and for actual systems, complementary terms must be considered.
In several publications, empirical functions for the heat of mixing and the FH interaction parameter have been suggested. For example, Taimoori, et al.3 suggested a combined function of temperature and mixture composition:
χ = χ0 + χ1 T + χ2 φ+ χ3 T φ
where the values of χ0 - χ3 are assumed to be constants, that is, they are independent of temperature and mixture composition. Substituting for χ in
Δhmix / kT ≈ χps φs φp
gives the heat of mixing as a third-order polynomial with respect to the volume fraction, φ, with temperature-dependent coefficients:
Δhmix / kT ≈ (χ0 + χ1 T) φ + [(χ2 - χ0) + (χ3 - χ1) T ]φ2 - (χ2 + χ3 T) φ3
Another empirical relation has been suggested by Taimoori, Modarrress and Mansoori (2000):3
Δhmix / kT ≈ (χ1 + χ3 φ) (1/T) - (χ2 + χ4φ) ln T + χ5
The authors of this equation have shown that their model can predict all types of heat-of-mixing curves including exothermic, endothermic, and sigmoidal types. It also predicts all typs of occuring spinodal phase curves, including the upper and lower critical solution temperatures, and closed-loop miscibility regions.
Nedoma and Robertson (2008) investigated the concentration and temperature dependence of the FH χ parameter at the critical point for the system PIB/dPBD4. They examined several expression and found that the following expression gives the best fit
χc = Ac(T) + Bc(T) (2φ - 1) / NAVE
where NAVE is defined as
NAVE = 4 (r -½ + s-½)-2
and r and s are the number of repeat unit per polymer chain and
χc = 2 / NAVE
Both Ac(T) and Bc(T) were assumed to be quadratic functions of 1/T.
Ac(T) = χA0 + χA1/T + χA2/T2
Bc(T) = χB0 + χB1/T + χB2/T2
Nedoma et al. showed that the same equations also apply to non critical values of χ. They found
A(T) = Ac(T)
B(T) = Bc(T) / 3
References
- P. J. Flory, J. Chem. Phys. 9, 660 (1941); 10, 51 (1942)
- M. L. Huggins, J. Phys. Chem. 46, 151 (1942); J. Am. Chem. Soc. 64, 1712
- M. Taimoori, H. Modarrress and G.A. Mansoori , J. Appl. Poly. Sci., Vol. 78, 1328–1340 (2000)
- A.J. Nedoma, M.L. Robertson, N.S. Wanuakule, and N.P. Balsara, Macromolecules, vol. 41, 15, 5773 - 5779 (2008)